Public Expenditure
Spending judged by traceable outcomes, not budget utilisation alone.
Public expenditure
Government spending is the other major control input, and the same logic applied to taxation applies here: expenditure is not itself the outcome.
The governing question is causal, not merely financial: what did this expenditure actually achieve? A £1bn programme producing a small improvement and a £200m programme producing a substantially larger one are not equivalent, even though conventional budget reporting can make them look similarly sized as "spending".
Answering that question requires distinguishing where a pound of public resource actually goes:
The objective is deliberately not G_admin = 0 — scheduling, records,
planning and accountability are genuinely necessary for services to
function safely. The objective is to minimise administration that does not
materially contribute to the outcome the spending was meant to produce,
and correspondingly to judge public-sector productivity by
rather than by headcount or the wage bill alone — a cheaper workforce that cannot prevent large-scale waste is not more efficient than a better-resourced one that can.